Angiomyolipoma of the kidneys

Regarding Angiomyolipomas (AML),

1. AMLs associated with tuberous sclerosis are more common than sporadic ones
2. Females are more commonly affected than males in both sporadic type and in those with tuberous sclerosis
3. AMLs are associated with neurofibromatosis
4. The most common complication is malignant transformation
5. AMLs are not suitable for embolization

Answers:F, T, T, F, F
Notes: AMLs are benign hamratomas. Sporadic type is usually seen between 50 and 80 years, has a female preponderance and comprises 80% of AMLs. AMLs are commonly seen in tuberous sclerosis (wide range, 20-80%) and also has a female prediliction. AMLs are associated with neurofibromatosis and VHL syndrome. Retroperitoneal haemorrhage is the most common and life threatening complication. The larger the tumour, the greater is the risk of haemorhage; hence AMLs larger than 4 cm are usually treated and the rest are followed. Embolization is increasing used to treat hypervascular AMLs.
References:

1. Rimon U et al. Larger renal angiomyolipomas: DSA grading and presentation with bleeding. Clin Rad (2006) 61, 520-526
2. Dahnert W. Radiology review manual 5th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.